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The Sayyid ((アラビア語:سيد)) (plural ''sādah'' (アラビア語:سادة)) of Uttar Pradesh in India are a Muslim community who are members of the wider Sayyid community of South Asia. They are also known as Mir and Pirzada. Many are also now found in Pakistan.〔People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das〕 ==History and origin== ''Sayyid literally means ''Mister'' or ''Sir''. In the Arab world, the word is the equivalent of the English "Mister", as in ''Sayyid John Smith''. The same concept is expressed by the word ''sidi'' (from the contracted form ''sayyidī'' 'my lord') in the Moroccan dialect of Arabic.〔People of India by Herbert Risely〕 As an honorific title, the term ''Al-Sayyid'' is given to males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husain ibn Ali (Hasnain), who were the sons of the prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib. Daughters of male ''sayyids'' are given the titles ''Sayyida'', ''Alawiyah'', ''Syarifah'', or ''Sharifah''. Children of a ''Sayyida'' mother but a non-''Sayyid'' father cannot be attributed the title of Sayyid; however, they may claim maternal descent and are called ''Mirza''.〔People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three, edited by A Hasan & J C Das〕 Sayyids are Arabs by origin, and Sayyids and are by descent a branch of the tribe of Banu Hashim, a clan from the tribe of Quraish, which traces its lineage to Adnan, whose lineage traces back to the Prophet Ismael, the son of the Prophet Ibrahim or Abraham. In North India, most of the Sayyid families are descended from individuals invited by the Muslim rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, as advisors and administrators, and granted jagirs. During the period of Mughal rule that followed the Delhi Sultanate, they held the majority of the civil and ecclesiastic posts. They also provide an important element in the Mughal army, and many are still found in the old Muslim garrison towns such as Nuhta, in Bijnor District, Budaun, Kara in Awadh and Bayana. Many of these towns were founded by the Sayyid grantees, and they encouraged both Muslim immigrants and new converts which helped established Muslim towns in what was still a Hindu countryside. A further event that accelerated Sayyid immigration was the Mongol invasion of Central Asia, Iran and Iraq in the 13th Century, and sacking of such famous Muslim cities like Bukhara, Samarkand, Nishapur, Mashad, Isfahan, Hamdan, Baghdad and Basra by Hulagu Khan, the Mongol warlord. This is still reflected in the common surnames among the Sayyid such as Bukhari (literally an inhabitant of Bukhara), Mashadi, Baghdadi and Hamdani and so forth.〔 Sayyids from Iran initially chose four places to settle in India. These were Hallaur, Baraha, Mohan and Bilgram.〔(The Right Honourable Syed Ameer Ali: personality and achievements ), Shan Muhammad, Uppal Pub. House,sadte seebar 1991〕 Many Sayyid were also settled in the countryside, and one such example were the Saadat-e-Bara, who ancestors came from Central Asia, and were granted estates near Meerut and Muzaffarnagar. This community played an important role in the politics of the Mughal Empire. Another branch of this famous clan are the Sayyid of the town of Bilgram in Awadh. Another example is that of Shia Sayyid family who came from Bukhara Cenatral Asia and got settled in Bahnera a small ''qasba'' (a small rural community) in Bijnor.〔(Urdu Texts And Contexts: The Selected Essays On C.M. Naim ), By C. M. Naim〕 In addition, many of the early Sufi saints that came to Uttar Pradesh belonged to Sayyid families. Most of these Sayyid families came from Central Asia and Iran, but some also originate from Yemen, Oman, Iraq and Bahrain. Perhaps the most famous Sufi was Syed Salar Masud, from whom many of the Sayyid families of Awadh claim their descent.〔 Sayyids of Jarwal (Bahraich), Kintoor (Barabanki) and Zaidpur (Barabanki) were well known ''Taluqadars'' (feudal lords) of Awadh province.〔(King Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh, Volume 1 ) by Mirza Ali Azhar, Royal Book Co., 1982〕 Even Nawab of Awadh Burhan ul Mulk Sa'adat Khan belonged to high-grade Sayyid noble family of Nishapur.〔(India in the early 19th century: an Iranian's travel account : translation of ''Mirʼat ul-ahwal-i jahan numa'' ) by Aḥmad Behbahānī, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1996〕 Perhaps the most important figure in the history of the Sayyid in Uttar Pradesh was Sayyid Basrullah Shustari, who moved from Mashad in Iran in 1549 and joined the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Akbar later appointed Shustari as his chief justice, and Shustari used his position to strengthen the position of the various Sayyid families. They were preferred in administrative posts, and formed a privileged elite. When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, the Sayyid played an important role in turbulent politics of the time. The new British colonial authorities that replaced the Mughals after the Battle of Buxar also made a pragmatic decision to work with the various Sayyid jagirdars. Several Sayyid taluqdars in Awadh were substantial landowners under the British colonial regime, and many other Sayyid still played their part in the administration of the state.〔 After abolition of zamindari system many Sayyid zamindars (e.g. that of Ghazipur) had to leave their homes.〔(Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims Since Independence ) By Mushirul Hasan〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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